The Mohawk Mining Company was a major copper mining company, based in the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan, that was established in November 1898 and lasted until 1932. The company, between 1906 and 1932, paid out more than $15 million in shareholder dividends. The Mine is best known for the large amounts of mohawkite that were found on the property. The Mohawk mine operated until 1932; in 1934 it was purchased by the Copper Range Company.
History Establishment The property was originally considered too far east to contain valuable ore deposits. It was first considered a mining location in 1896, after lumberman Ernest Koch first discovered copper there. The company was later established in November 1898, after Joseph E. Gay had conducted a successful exploration for copper on the property earlier that year. When established, John Stanton was president. Stocks were offered at a price of $7.50 (), and by the end of 1899 there were 594 individual stockholders.
In 1899, construction on the property began, after the company had raised $7,517.50 (). Shafts No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 were dug. Each shaft had three compartments with two skiproads, and a separate pipe and ladder way compartment. Shaft No. 2 had an 8 drill air compressor and No. 3 had a 25 drill air compressor. Both were Ingersoll Sergeant make, with Rand drills for underground use. A fourth shaft was constructed in 1901.
Early years In January 1900, a fissure vein of copper ore was cut on the first level of Shaft No. 1. This ore was a previously unknown type of rock and samples were sent to George A. Koenig of the Michigan College of Mines. Koenig named the rock mohawkite for the mine where it had been found.
In the year 1900, the Mohawk Mining Company purchased the Hebard Stone Quarry, the dock on Traverse Bay, and the narrow gauge railroad connecting the dock and the quarry. The railway was extended from the quarry to the mine. The dock was extended 300 feet into the bay and was reinforced with heavy crib-work, so that it could be used for shipping ore and receiving supplies by boat. In 1902, the Mohawk and Traverse Bay Railroad was widened to regular gage.
The Mohawk stamp mill began construction in 1901 and started operation in December 1902. The foundation for the 178 by 206 foot building, of steel frame covered with corrugated iron, was made of sandstone from the Hebard Quarry. The mill's equipment included three sets of stamps and three sets of auxiliary crushing rolls. The stamps each had a capacity of 500 tons daily. Four houses and a large two story building were built near the mill. The two story structure was to be used as a school on the first floor and a meeting room on the second. This settlement later became the town of Gay and was named Gay to honor Joseph E. Gay.
The No. 5 shaft was started in 1904, and Shafts No. 1, 2, and 4 were equipped with Nordberg Conical Drum Hoists. In 1906, a power plant was built at the mine, it was located between the No. 1 and No. 2 shafts. In January 1906, the first dividend of $2.00 per share was paid, and in July the second dividend of $3.00 per share was paid.
On February 23, 1906, John Stanton, President of the company, died. Joseph E. Gay replaced him as president.
In the year 1909, the company had employed 1000 men. The Mohawk mine was producing more copper than any other mine in the Keweenaw County and was the only mine paying dividends. By 1910, a sixth shaft was dug on the property.
Strike of 1913–14
On July 23, 1913, the Mohawk Mine was closed due to a unionized strike of the miners of Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon Counties. The objectives of the strike were to receive larger wages, 8-hour work days, and the return of the two-man drill. Prior to the strike, miners worked in 10-hour shifts, which included a 1-hour break for lunch. During the strike many workers and their families left the area. The mine had 686 men employed before the strike, and after the strike was settled only 102 men returned on January 16, 1914. By February 20, 400 men had returned. The mine would not be back in full operation until May, with 711 men employed, and the 8 hour work day became standard in the Mohawk Mine.
Growth of the mine In March 1910, a small piece of property was obtained from the Ahmeek Mining Company. This would allow the No. 3 shaft to reach a maximum depth of 2,800 feet, instead of the previous limit of 1,600 feet, which is due to the 36-degree angle at which the shaft was created. In 1923, the Mohawk Mining Company absorbed the Wolverine Copper Mining Company and the Michigan Copper Company. In 1929, the Company took over the Mass Consolidated Mining Company, which was a combination of the Old Ridge, Evergreen, Mass, Ogima, Merrimac, Hazzard, and Flint Steel Mining Companies.
Town of Mohawk
The town of Mohawk formed near the mine. In the beginning, the town had a blacksmith shop, the Petermann Store (a carpentry shop, est. 1899), and a church built by Norwegians, in 1902. The church was sold in 1907 to Catholic Missionaries and became St. Mary's Church. Another church, known as the Mohawk Methodist Episcopal Church was established in 1905. The Mohawk Bank, opened in 1907 with a capital stock of $25,000. The blacksmith shop, owned by Thomas Parks, was sold to Mr. Bert Jewell during the strike in 1913.
Officers When the company was established, in 1898, John Stanton was president at the Mohawk Mine, at the same time Stanton took control of the Wolverine Copper Mining Company, located 5 miles south of the Mohawk, and also became President of that company. Fred Smith, who had been Superintendent at the Wolverine Mine since 1892, also became the Superintendent at the Mohawk Mine. On February 23, 1906, John Stanton died. Joseph E. Gay replaced him as president. Gay was later replaced as president by John Stanton's son, John R. Stanton.
Title Person Dates President John Stanton November 1898 – February 23, 1906 President Joseph E. Gay February 23, 1906 – ? President John R. Stanton ?, ~1916, ~1918 President Lunsford P. Yandell ?, ~1922, ~1926 Secretary-Treasurer John R. Stanton November 1898 – ?, ~1904 Secretary-Treasurer George W. Drucker ?, ~1918 Treasurer R. E. Graver ?, ~1922 Secretary F. G. Heumann ?, ~1922 Director John Stanton November 1898 – February 23, 1906 Director Joseph E. Gay November 1898 – ?, ~1904 Director John R. Stanton November 1898 – ? Director William A. Paine November 1898 – ?, ~1904, ~1918, ~1922 Director Fred Smith November 1898 – 1913 Director James S. Dunstan ?, ~1918, ~1922 Director F. W. Denton ?, ~1918, ~1922 Director Lunsford P. Yandell ?, ~1922 Director Charles D. Lanier ?, ~1922 Agent Fred Smith November 1898 – 1913 Agent Theodore Dengler 1913 – ? Superintendent Fred Smith November 1898 – 1913 Superintendent Theodore Dengler 1913 – ? Assistant Superintendent Willard J. Smith ?, ~1904 Mill Superintendent B.S. Shearer ?, ~1904 Clerk Frank Getchell November 1898 – ?, ~1904 Mining Engineer Willard Smith November 1898 – ? Mining Captain Henry Trevarrow November 1898 – ? Mining Captain John Trevorrow ?, ~1904 ? Indicates insufficient records to determine full time period ~ Indicates a year when the title was known to be held (but may not be the first or last date)
World Mines Register, Volumes 4-5
Shafts All shafts were dug at an angle of 36 degrees from the vertical.
Mohawk No. 1 No. 1 shaft was constructed in 1899 as one of the three original shafts on the property. This shaft is where mohawkite was first found in 1900. In 1902, it was sunk down to the 8th level, with a depth of 800 feet. In 1904 shafts No. 1, 2, and 4 were equipped with Nordberg Conical Drum Hoists, which would be good up to 6000 feet. In 1906, the No. 1 shaft was extended to a depth of 1,400 feet. In 1908, it had reached a depth of 1,700 feet. After the strike in 1913, the No. 1 shaft was worked with only one 8 hour a day shift, producing 300 tons of ore per day. By 1916, the No. 1 shaft had reached a depth of 2,693 feet and had exhausted the ore deposits, which caused work in the shaft to be discontinued. In 1918 the value of copper increased, which provided extra money to resume mining in the No. 1 shaft. The shaft was mined until June 1922 because the copper content was only 4 to 5 pounds of copper per ton of rock. When the shaft closed it had reached a depth of 2,896 feet on the 26th level. In 1926 the shaft was reopened with the No. 4 shaft to supply the mill with ore. The shaft had reached a depth of 3,017 feet, making it the deepest of all the Mohawk Mining shafts. The shaft would become permanently closed, along with the mine, in 1932.
Mohawk No. 2 No. 2 shaft was constructed in 1899 as one of the three original shafts on the property. Shaft No. 2 was equipped with an 8 drill air compressor, an Ingersoll Sergeant make, with Rand drills for underground use. In 1902, it was sunk 114 feet to the 7th level, with a depth of 700 feet. In 1904 shafts No. 1, 2, and 4 were equipped with Nordberg Conical Drum Hoists, which would be good up to 6000 feet. In 1906, the No. 2 shaft had reached a depth of 1,300 feet. In 1908, it reached a depth of 1,575 feet. In 1914, the No. 2 shaft was producing between 450 and 500 tons of ore per day. The No. 2 shaft was closed some time between 1914 and 1924.
Mohawk No. 3 No. 3 shaft was constructed in 1899 as one of the three original shafts on the property, with a depth of about 472.5 feet. Shaft No. 3 was equipped with a 25 drill air compressor, an Ingersoll Sergeant make, with Rand drills for underground use. In 1901 it was sunk 195 feet to reach a depth of 667.5 feet. In 1906, the No. 3 shaft had reached a depth of 950 feet. In 1908, it reached a depth of 1,225 feet. In March 1910, a small piece of property was obtained from the Ahmeek Mining Company. This would allow the No. 3 shaft to reach a maximum depth of 2,800 feet, instead of the previous limit of 1,600 feet, which is due to the angle at which the shaft was created. In May 1914 the No. 3 shaft was abandoned.
Mohawk No. 4 No. 4 shaft was constructed in 1901, with a depth of about 200 feet and was sunk, the same year, 301 feet to reach a depth of 501 feet. In 1904 shafts No. 1, 2, and 4 were equipped with Nordberg Conical Drum Hoists, which would be good up to 6000 feet. In 1906, the No. 4 shaft had reached a depth of 900 feet. In 1908, it reached a depth of 1,175 feet. In 1914, the No. 4 shaft was producing between 450 and 500 tons of ore per day. In 1922 the No. 4 shaft had reached a depth of 2,832 feet and the boundary of the property, mining continued in the No. 4 shaft until 1924. In 1926 the shaft was reopened with the No. 1 shaft to supply the mill with ore. The shaft had reached a depth of 2,832 feet. The shaft would stay open until the mine closed in 1932.
Mohawk No. 5 No. 5 shaft was constructed in 1904 because the area was rich with good ore. In 1906, the No. 5 shaft had reached a depth of 300 feet. In 1908, it reached a depth of 575 feet, and was equipped with the Bullock Hoist that was moved from The Wolverine No. 4 shaft. In 1914, the No. 5 shaft was producing between 450 and 500 tons of ore per day. The same year, a new shaft house, which included a concrete collar around the shaft, was built for the No. 5 shaft. The shaft was closed on November 4, 1922, it had reached a depth of 1,874 feet on the 21st level.
Mohawk No. 6