Nilsdotter is a patronymic. Notable people with the surname include:
Christina Nilsdotter (died 1399), Swedish singer and song teacher Karin Nilsdotter (c. 1551–1613), royal mistress of Charles IX of Sweden Kristina Nilsdotter (died 1254), Swedish noblewoman Margareta Nilsdotter (died 1630), Swedish businessperson and shipbuilder Maria Nilsdotter i Ölmeskog (1756–1822), Swedish farmer